Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

In this collection, which is part one of a series representing some of John’s finest work, we present you with five articles that we think you will refer to time and again as you look to solve problems, cut cycle times and improve the quality of the parts you mold.

This research was supported by the NSF Grants 120329 and 0425826 and in part by a seed grant from the UC Center for Laboratory Safety. We are grateful to Dr. Earl Ada for his assistance with TEM and SEM analysis, and Dr. Rebecca Gore for her advice with statistical analysis. We also would like to sincerely thank Dr. Eileen Birch of NIOSH for her efforts to analyze CNT-PC and airborne samples for their CNT content and Dr. Martin Shafer of the University of Wisconsin for his assistance with the SF-ICP-MS analysis of the airborne dust.

Thurnherr T, Brandenberger C, Fischer K, Diener L, Manser P, Maeder-Althaus X et al. A comparison of acute and long-term effects of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human lung and immune cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2011; 200: 176–186.

Bello D, Martin J, Santeufemio C, Sun Q, Lee Bunker K, Shafer M et al. Physicochemical and morphological characterisation of nanoparticles from photocopiers: implications for environmental health. Nanotoxicology 2013; 7: 989–1003.

ComoNeo 2.0 also now incorporates the OPC-UA (Open Platform Communication Universal Architecture) interface that is becoming the standard for Industry 4.0 machine-to-machine data connectivity. This enables the ComoNeo system to fully implement Multiflow control—automatic hot-runner balancing by adjusting tip temperatures—without the need for a separate PC. It also can “talk” to higher-level MES and ERP computer systems.

Exhibitors and presenters at the plastics show emphasized 3D printing as a complement and aid to more traditional production processes.

Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology website

Priamus also has enhanced the Q-Button on its FillControl systems. When a user has established a process that produces good parts, pushing the Q-Button automatically sets the six-sigma SPC limits for key process variables. In its latest iteration, the button establishes three levels of limits—pre-warning, warning, and alarm—to alert the user to process drift well before bad parts are produced.

Mixed in among thought leaders from leading suppliers to injection molders and mold makers at the 2023 Molding and MoldMaking conferences will be molders and toolmakers themselves.

Warheit DB, Borm PJ, Hennes C, Lademann J . Testing strategies to establish the safety of nanomaterials: conclusions of an ECETOC workshop. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19: 631–643.

A second major introduction for Kistler was the ComoDataCenter 3.1, a new version of the central monitoring system for all Como Injection—and now ComoNeo—systems plantwide. It now stores all mold settings centrally. It also now offers the same user interface as ComoNeo and will translate input from older Como Injection systems to the new interface. Both types of systems are now linked by a common database. Extended functionality includes more detailed good/bad part analysis, with ability to zero in on any cycle and the pressure curve for each cavity. It also provides cpK values for the process.

Methner M, Crawford C, Geraci C . Evaluation of the potential airborne release of carbon nanofibers during the preparation, grinding, and cutting of epoxy-based nanocomposite material. J Occup Environ Hyg 2012; 9: 308–318.

Schlagenhauf L, Chu B, Buha J, Nueesch F, Wang J . Release of carbon nanotubes from an epoxy-based nanocomposite during an abrasion process. Envion Sci Technol 2012; 46: 7366–7372.

Hsieh SF, Bello D, Schmidt DF, Pal AK, Rogers EJ . Biological oxidative damage by carbon nanotubes: fingerprint or footprint? Nanotoxicology 2012; 6: 61–76.

This month’s resin pricing report includes PT’s quarterly check-in on select engineering resins, including nylon 6 and 66.

Mazzuckelli LF, Methner MM, Birch ME, Evans DE, Ku BK, Crouch K et al. Identification and characterization of potential sources of worker exposure to carbon nanofibers during polymer composite laboratory operations. J Occup Environ Hyg 2007; 4: D125–D130.

Pötschke P, Bhattacharyya AR, Janke A . Carbon nanotube-filled polycarbonate composites produced by melt mixing and their use in blends with polyethylene. Carbon 2004; 42: 965–969.

Join Wittmann for an engaging webinar on the transformative impact of manufacturing execution systems (MES) in the plastic injection molding industry. Discover how MES enhances production efficiency, quality control and real-time monitoring while also reducing downtime. It will explore the integration of MES with existing systems, emphasizing compliance and traceability for automotive and medical sectors. Learn about the latest advancements in IoT and AI technologies and how they drive innovation and continuous improvement in MES. Agenda: Overview of MES benefits What is MES? Definition, role and brief history Historical perspective and evolution Longevity and analytics Connectivity: importance, standards and integration Advantages of MES: efficiency, real-time data, traceability and cost savings Emerging technologies: IoT and AI in MES

Gifted with extraordinary technical know how and an authoritative yet plain English writing style, in this collection of articles Fattori offers his insights on a variety of molding-related topics that are bound to make your days on the production floor go a little bit better.

Plastics Technology covers technical and business Information for Plastics Processors in Injection Molding, Extrusion, Blow Molding, Plastic Additives, Compounding, Plastic Materials, and Resin Pricing. About Us

Say “manufacturing automation” and thoughts immediately go to the shop floor and specialized production equipment, robotics and material handling systems. But there is another realm of possible automation — the front office.

Join Engel in exploring the future of battery molding technology. Discover advancements in thermoplastic composites for battery housings, innovative automation solutions and the latest in large-tonnage equipment designed for e-mobility — all with a focus on cost-efficient solutions. Agenda: Learn about cutting-edge thermoplastic composites for durable, sustainable and cost-efficient battery housings Explore advanced automation concepts for efficient and scalable production See the latest large-tonnage equipment and technology innovations for e-mobility solutions

Coverage of single-use plastics can be both misleading and demoralizing. Here are 10 tips for changing the perception of the plastics industry at your company and in your community.

Introduced by Zeiger and Spark Industries at the PTXPO, the nozzle is designed for maximum heat transfer and uniformity with a continuous taper for self cleaning.

Learn about sustainable scrap reprocessing—this resource offers a deep dive into everything from granulator types and options, to service tips, videos and technical articles.

Discover how artifical intelligence is revolutionizing plastics processing. Hear from industry experts on the future impact of AI on your operations and envision a fully interconnected plant.

Mike Sepe has authored more than 25 ANTEC papers and more than 250 articles illustrating the importance of this interdisciplanary approach. In this collection, we present some of his best work during the years he has been contributing for Plastics Technology Magazine.

While the major correction in PP prices was finally underway, generally stable pricing was anticipated for the other four commodity resins.

Nowack B, David RM, Fissan H, Morris H, Shatkin JA, Stintz M et al. Potential release scenarios for carbon nanotubes used in composites. Environ Int 2013; 59: 1–11.

Ultradent's entry of its Umbrella cheek retractor took home the awards for Technical Sophistication and Achievement in Economics and Efficiency at PTXPO.

While prices moved up for three of the five commodity resins, there was potential for a flat trajectory for the rest of the third quarter.

Two well-known suppliers of injection monitoring and control systems and sensors introduced several new and upgraded products at the K 2016 show in Dusseldorf in October. The Swiss parent of Kistler Instrument Corp., Amherst, N.Y., brought out ComoNeo 2.0, a brand-new version of the ComoNeo process monitoring system introduced at Fakuma 2015 (see Feb. ’16 Keeping Up), which itself was an enhanced successor to Kistler’s Como Injection system. ComoNeo 2.0 adds automatic process control to the monitoring functions. It controls the switchover point from speed to pressure control in mold filling within each cycle, based on cavity-pressure signals, and analyzing the difference between current and reference pressure curves. The switchover point can be set manually or determined automatically by the system through analyzing a sequence of five test cycles.

When determining the best ejection option for a tool, molders must consider the ejector’s surface area, location and style.

Also new in ComoNeo 2.0 is a Restart Assistant, a “wizard” that helps re-establish the process after a mold is moved to a different press. It analyzes the difference between current and reference pressure curves to offer the user suggestions on how to optimize the process—for example, “Please change holding pressure to 500 bars (7255 psi).” The process is iterative, requiring a couple of test cycles.

Thousands of people visit our Supplier Guide every day to source equipment and materials. Get in front of them with a free company profile.

Pham GT, Park YB, Wang S, Liang Z, Wang B, Zhang C et al. Mechanical and electrical properties of polycarbonate nanotube buckypaper composite sheets. Nanotechnology 2008; 19: 325705.

Successfully starting or restarting an injection molding machine is less about ticking boxes on a rote checklist and more about individually assessing each processing scenario and its unique variables.

A new portable FillControl system allows monitoring the process by means of a large tablet computer that plugs into the sensors on the machine and mold. All the required cables, amplifiers, and power supply are housed in the transport case. Also new is FillControl V for automatic balancing of valve gates. It detects the arrival of the melt front via in-cavity temperature sensors, thereby detecting the different filling times from cavity to cavity. The Priamus system calculates the optimized settings of the pin stroke for every cycle and transmits them to the valve controller via an interface. FillControl V can work with the valve-gate controls of sister company Synventive Molding Solutions, another member of the Barnes Group to profile the opening speed as well as timing of the valve pins. For cold-runner LSR molding with valve gates, the Priamus system has worked successfully with the Servo Shot system of ACH Hefner of Austria.

With advocacy, communication and sustainability as three main pillars, Seaholm leads a trade association to NPE that ‘is more active today than we have ever been.’

Performing fundamental maintenance inspections frequently assures press longevity and process stability. Here’s a checklist to help you stay on top of seven key systems.

Froggett SJ, Clancy SF, Boverhof DR, Canady RA . A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites. Parti Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11: 17.

Join KraussMaffei for an insightful webinar designed for industry professionals, engineers and anyone interested in the manufacturing processes of PVC pipes. This session will provide a comprehensive understanding of the technology behind the production of high-quality PVC pipes: from raw material preparation to final product testing. Agenda: Introduction to PVC extrusion: overview of the basic principles of PVC pipe extrusion — including the process of melting and shaping PVC resin into pipe forms Equipment and machinery: detailed explanation of the key equipment involved — such as extruders, dies and cooling systems — and their roles in the extrusion process Process parameters: insight into the critical process parameters like temperature, pressure and cooling rates that influence the quality and consistency of the final PVC pipes Energy efficiency: examination of ways to save material and energy use when extruding PVC pipe products

Sun B, Wang X, Ji Z, Li R, Xia T . NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by engineered nanomaterials. Small 2013; 9: 1595–1607.

In this collection of articles, two of the industry’s foremost authorities on screw design — Jim Frankand and Mark Spalding — offer their sage advice on screw design...what works, what doesn’t, and what to look for when things start going wrong.

After successfully introducing a combined conference for moldmakers and injection molders in 2022, Plastics Technology and MoldMaking Technology are once again joining forces for a tooling/molding two-for-one.

Palomaki J, Valimaki E, Sund J, Vippola M, Clausen PA, Jensen KA et al. Long, needle-like carbon nanotubes and asbestos activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through a similar mechanism. ACS Nano 2011; 5: 6861–6870.

Kistler also has a new piezoelectric pressure sensor, Type 6185, which measures only 2 mm frontal diam. and is insensitive to the position in which it is installed. This eliminates the susceptibility to inaccurate measurements due to mounting tolerances, making installation by moldmakers much easier and more reliable.

Second quarter started with price hikes in PE and the four volume engineering resins, but relatively stable pricing was largely expected by the quarter’s end.

Across the show, sustainability ruled in new materials technology, from polyolefins and engineering resins to biobased materials.

Multiple speakers at Molding 2023 will address the ways simulation can impact material substitution decisions, process profitability and simplification of mold design.

Additive technology creates air pockets in film during orientation, cutting down on the amount of resin needed while boosting opacity, mechanical properties and recyclability.

Bello D, Wardle BL, Zhang J, Yamamoto N, Santeufemio C, Hallock M et al. Characterization of exposures to nanoscale particles and fibers during solid core drilling of hybrid carbon nanotube advanced composites. Int J Occup Environ Health 2010; 16: 434–450.

Zhang J . Impact of recycling on carbon nanotube filled polymers, Doctoral Thesis University of Massachusetts Lowell. 2015.

Muller L, Riediker M, Wick P, Mohr M, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B . Oxidative stress and inflammation response after nanoparticle exposure: differences between human lung cell monocultures and an advanced three-dimensional model of the human epithelial airways. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface/the Royal Society 2010; 7 (Suppl 1): S27–S40.

Bello D, Wardle B, Yamamoto N, Guzman deVilloria R, Garcia E, Hart A et al. Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes. J Nanopart Res 2009; 11: 231–249.

The aim of this presentation is to guide you through the factors and the numbers that will help you determine if a robot is a smart investment for your application. Agenda:  Why are you considering automation? What problems are you trying to solve? How and why automation can help Crunch the numbers and determine the ROI

NIOSH.. Current Intelligence Bulletin 65: Occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2013-145. Atlanta, GA: US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-145/pdfs/2013-145.pdf.

Pal AK, Hsieh S-F, Khatri M, Isaacs JA, Demokritou P, Gaines P et al. Screening for oxidative damage by engineered nanomaterials: a comparative evaluation of FRAS and DCFH. J Nanopart Res 2014; 16: 2167.

Golanski L, Guiot A, Pras M, Malarde M, Tardif F . Release-ability of nano fillers from different nanomaterials (toward the acceptability of nanoproduct). J Nanopart Res 2012; 14: 1–9.

Core Technology Molding turned to Mold-Masters E-Multi auxiliary injection unit to help it win a job and dramatically change its process.

Unwin J, Coldwell MR, Keen C, McAlinden JJ . Airborne emissions of carcinogens and respiratory sensitizers during thermal processing of plastics. Ann Occup Hyg 2013; 57: 399–406.

Köhler AR, Som C, Helland A, Gottschalk F . Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle. Journal of Cleaner Production 2008; 16: 927–937.

While the melting process does not provide perfect mixing, this study shows that mixing is indeed initiated during melting.

A homogenous melt is required for consistent part quality, but achieving it requires balancing a number of factors, including barrel usage and temperature as well as screw speed, backpressure and residence time. Learn how to prepare your melt for molding success in this two-part series.

August 29-30 in Minneapolis all things injection molding and moldmaking will be happening at the Hyatt Regency — check out who’s speaking on what topics today.

Take a deep dive into all of the various aspects of part quoting to ensure you’ve got all the bases—as in costs—covered before preparing your customer’s quote for services.

technotrans says climate protection, energy efficiency and customization will be key discussion topics at PTXPO as it displays its protemp flow 6 ultrasonic eco and the teco cs 90t 9.1 TCUs.

Pötschke P, Abdel-Goad M, Alig I, Dudkin S, Lellinger D . Rheological and dielectrical characterization of melt mixed polycarbonate-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Polymer 2004; 45: 8863–8870.

Resin drying is a crucial, but often-misunderstood area. This collection includes details on why and what you need to dry, how to specify a dryer, and best practices.

Formnext Chicago is an industrial additive manufacturing expo taking place April 8-10, 2025 at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois. Formnext Chicago is the second in a series of Formnext events in the U.S. being produced by Mesago Messe Frankfurt, AMT – The Association For Manufacturing Technology, and Gardner Business Media (our publisher).

Despite price increase nominations going into second quarter, it appeared there was potential for generally flat pricing with the exception of a major downward correction for PP.

Across all process types, sustainability was a big theme at NPE2024. But there was plenty to see in automation and artificial intelligence as well.

Kingston C, Zepp R, Andrady A, Boverhof D, Fehir R, Hawkins D et al. Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites. Carbon 2014; 68: 33–57.

Mold maintenance is critical, and with this collection of content we’ve bundled some of the very best advice we’ve published on repairing, maintaining, evaluating and even hanging molds on injection molding machines.

De Volder M, Tawfick S, Baughman R, Hart A . Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 2013; 339: 535–539.

Aillon KL, Xie Y, El-Gendy N, Berkland CJ, Forrest ML . Effects of nanomaterial physicochemical properties on in vivo toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 457–466.

Bussy C, Pinault M, Cambedouzou J, Landry MJ, Jegou P, Mayne-L'hermite M et al. Critical role of surface chemical modifications induced by length shortening on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9: 46.

Boonruksa, P., Bello, D., Zhang, J. et al. Exposures to nanoparticles and fibers during injection molding and recycling of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 27, 379–390 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2016.26

Patel HJ, Kwon S . Length-dependent effect of single-walled carbon nanotube exposure in a dynamic cell growth environment of human alveolar epithelial cells. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013; 23: 101–108.

Plastics Technology’s Tech Days is back! Every Tuesday in October, a series of five online presentations will be given by industry supplier around the following topics:  Injection Molding — New Technologies, Efficiencies Film Extrusion — New Technologies, Efficiencies Upstream/Downstream Operations Injection Molding — Sustainability Extrusion — Compounding Coming out of NPE2024, PT identified a variety of topics, technologies and trends that are driving and shaping the evolution of plastic products manufacturing — from recycling/recyclability and energy optimization to AI-based process control and automation implementation. PT Tech Days is designed to provide a robust, curated, accessible platform through which plastics professionals can explore these trends, have direct access to subject-matter experts and develop strategies for applying solutions in their operations.

Improvements in nozzle design in recent years overcome some of the limitations of previous filter, mixing, and shut-off nozzles.

Meanwhile, Priamus of Switzerland (U.S. office in Brunswick, Ohio), showed several updated injection monitoring/control products. Under the banner of “Quality 4.0,” Priamus has added an OPC-UA interface to its FillControl systems, which allows it to transmit quality data from an entire molding cell to a network via an MES system. At the show, Priamus demonstrated this connectivity with the authentig MES system from T.I.G. of Austria, recently acquired by Engel.

While prices moved up for three of the five commodity resins, there was potential for a flat trajectory for the rest of the third quarter.

Fleury D, Bomfim JAS, Vignes A, Girard C, Metz S, Muñoz F et al. Identification of the main exposure scenarios in the production of CNT-polymer nanocomposites by melt-moulding process. Journal of Cleaner Production 2013; 53: 22–36.

This Knowledge Center provides an overview of the considerations needed to understand the purchase, operation, and maintenance of a process cooling system.

Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK, Dettlaff-Weglikowska U, Krumeich F, Roth S et al. The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2007; 168: 121–131.

Sustainability continues to dominate new additives technology, but upping performance is also evident. Most of the new additives have been targeted to commodity resins and particularly polyolefins.

In a time where sustainability is no longer just a buzzword, the food and beverage packaging industry is required to be at the forefront of this innovation. By adopting circular packaging processes and solutions, producers can meet regulatory requirements while also satisfying consumer demand and enhancing brand reputation. Join Husky to learn more about the broader implications of the circular economy — as well as how leading brands are leveraging this opportunity to reduce costs, increase design flexibility and boost product differentiation. Agenda: The cost and operational benefits of embracing circularity Key materials in circular packaging — including rPET and emerging bioplastics How to design a circular food and beverage package Strategies for selecting sustainable closures to future-proof packaging solutions Optimization and streamlining of production processes for enhanced efficiency How Husky Technologies can enable your sustainable success

The Plastics Industry Association (PLASTICS) has released final figures for NPE2024: The Plastics Show (May 6-10; Orlando) that officially make it the largest ever NPE in several key metrics.

In this three-part collection, veteran molder and moldmaker Jim Fattori brings to bear his 40+ years of on-the-job experience and provides molders his “from the trenches” perspective on on the why, where and how of venting injection molds. Take the trial-and-error out of the molding venting process.

Ogura I, Kotake M, Shigeta M, Uejima M, Saito K, Hashimoto N et al. Potential release of carbon nanotubes from their composites during grinding. J Phys Conf Ser 2013; 429: 012049.

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol) ISSN 1559-064X (online) ISSN 1559-0631 (print)

Join this webinar to explore the transformative benefits of retrofitting your existing injection molding machines (IMMs). Engel will guide you through upgrading your equipment to enhance monitoring, control and adaptability — all while integrating digital technologies. You'll learn about the latest trends in IMM retrofitting (including Euromap interfaces and plasticizing retrofits) and discover how to future-proof your machines for a competitive edge. With insights from industry experts, it'll walk you through the decision-making process, ensuring you make informed choices that drive your business forward. Agenda: Maximize the value of your current IMMs through strategic retrofitting Learn how to integrate digital technologies to enhance monitoring and control Explore the benefits of Euromap interfaces and plasticizing retrofits Understand how retrofitting can help meet new product demands and improve adaptability Discover how Engel can support your retrofitting needs, from free consultations to execution

Processors with sustainability goals or mandates have a number of ways to reach their goals. Biopolymers are among them.

Boonruksa P, Bello D, Zhang J, Isaacs JA, Mead JL, Woskie SR . Characterization of potential exposures to nanoparticles and fibers during manufacturing and recycling of carbon nanotube reinforced polypropylene composites. Ann Occup Hyg 2016; 60: 40–55.

Dahm MM, Evans DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Birch ME, Deddens JA . Occupational exposure assessment in carbon nanotube and nanofiber primary and secondary manufacturers: mobile direct-reading sampling. Ann Occup Hyg 2013; 57: 328–344.

Ma-Hock L, Treumann S, Strauss V, Brill S, Luizi F, Mertler M et al. Inhalation toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes in rats exposed for 3 months. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112: 468–481.

In this collection of content, we provide expert advice on welding from some of the leading authorities in the field, with tips on such matters as controls, as well as insights on how to solve common problems in welding.

In this study, the characteristics of airborne particles generated during injection molding and grinding processes of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites (CNT-PC) were investigated. Particle number concentration, size distribution, and morphology of particles emitted from the processes were determined using real-time particle sizers and transmission electron microscopy. The air samples near the operator’s breathing zone were collected on filters and analyzed using scanning electron microscope for particle morphology and respirable fiber count. Processing and grinding during recycling of CNT-PC released airborne nanoparticles (NPs) with a geometric mean (GM) particle concentration from 4.7 × 103 to 1.7 × 106 particles/cm3. The ratios of the GM particle concentration measured during the injection molding process with exhaust ventilation relative to background were up to 1.3 (loading), 1.9 (melting), and 1.4 (molding), and 101.4 for grinding process without exhaust ventilation, suggesting substantial NP exposures during these processes. The estimated mass concentration was in the range of 1.6–95.2 μg/m3. Diverse particle morphologies, including NPs, NP agglomerates, particles with embedded or protruding CNTs and fibers, were observed. No free CNTs were found during any of the investigated processes. The breathing zone respirable fiber concentration during the grinding process ranged from non-detectable to 0.13 fiber/cm3. No evidence was found that the emissions were affected by the number of recycling cycles. Institution of exposure controls is recommended during these processes to limit exposures to airborne NPs and CNT-containing fibers.

When, how, what and why to automate — leading robotics suppliers and forward-thinking moldmakers will share their insights on automating manufacturing at collocated event.

Rasmussen PE, Avramescu M-L, Jayawardene I, Gardner HD . Detection of carbon nanotubes in indoor workplaces using elemental impurities. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49: 12888–12896.

Lee BP, Li YJ, Flagan RC, Lo C, Chan CK . Sizing characterization of the fast-mobility particle sizer (FMPS) against SMPS and HR-ToF-AMS. Aerosol Science and Technology 2013; 47: 1030–1037.

Bello D, Hsieh S-F, Schmidt D, Rogers E . Nanomaterials properties vs. biological oxidative damage: implications for toxicity screening and exposure assessment. Nanotoxicology 2009; 3: 249–261.